On the other hand, the deepening of globalization also drives the globalization of science. The links and interactions between the scientific communities of different countries have been strengthened, and the process,

capacity and activities of scientific inquiry have become homogeneous. Science and technology have increasingly penetrated into international relations, promoting the development of diplomacy in the direction of increasingly integrating politics and science, and providing convenience and basis for the application of "science" to "diplomacy".

The influence of science in national diplomacy is on the rise. First, science has the dual attributes of "hard power" and "soft power", and its influence on the economy, military and even the overall national strength of various countries is increasingly expanding,

and the weight of science in the diplomacy of various countries is increased. Second, global challenges have brought more specialized fields of public governance into the realm of diplomacy. Climate diplomacy,

health diplomacy, data diplomacy and other diplomatic forms are increasingly emerging. Science has played an increasingly important role in providing evidence to help understand and choose different policies.

Third, the new scientific and technological revolution has promoted the development of new technological forms such as networking, digitalization and intelligence based on the Internet, expanded the boundaries of national sovereignty and the connotation of individual rights politically,

and accelerated the transformation of traditional industries and social organizations in various countries economically and socially. How to safeguard the sovereignty and security of all countries,

promote the steady evolution of economic and industrial development and social forms, guide countries to cooperate with each other, and strengthen supervision has put forward new requirements for diplomacy.

Limitations and challenges
However, with the rise of science diplomacy on a global scale, its healthy development still faces several challenges.

First, science diplomacy faces the constraints of objective reality. First, science diplomacy involves cross-departmental, cross-field and diverse subjects. Science and diplomacy belong to different fields,

which require intersectoral interaction and the establishment of coordination mechanisms between politics and science; The globalization of scientific research cooperation projects and the lag of their governance mechanisms,

as well as the diversity and prioritization of responses to global and regional challenges, have raised the bar for science diplomacy. Second, the scientific level of different countries is different.

The level of scientific development will affect the national development strategic needs and diplomatic goals of each country. Developed countries with higher scientific level focus on political goals such as geopolitical influence and the achievement of strategic interests,

while developing countries with lower scientific level pay more attention to domestic scientific interests such as capacity building in public fields such as health, education and scientific research.

This makes it difficult for countries with different scientific levels to become equal scientific partners, adding to the complexity of science diplomacy. Third, the consideration of national interests.

Science diplomacy is first and foremost concerned with national interests, whether scientific cooperation or negotiations involving scientific elements in diplomatic processes, which are guided by national interests,

even in addressing common challenges facing all mankind. Fourth, the effect of science diplomacy is still limited. Inter-state relations and sovereignty-related visa regulations, data flows,

territorial and maritime disputes, among other factors, often result in scientific cooperation being a formality with limited effectiveness, limiting interest in science diplomacy.

Second, to some extent, science diplomacy has become a policy tool for Western developed countries to seek unilateral interests and engage in geopolitical and strategic competition. Western developed countries,

especially the United States, rely on their own scientific advantages and ignore the interests of developing countries and the needs of the common interests of mankind. The United States and the European Union,

through bilateral free trade agreements and other measures to restrict the innovation of developing countries, and require developing countries to agree not to enforce drug patent licensing,

are fresh examples of developed countries selectively using science diplomacy to seek unilateral interests. During the Cold War, scientific cooperation projects between the United States and the Soviet Union were used by the United States to "convey" its dissatisfaction with Soviet behavior.